Causes and risk factors
As the name suggests, injury is caused due to human bite. It can either be direct or indirect. Direct injury is caused due to bite by teeth to an individual. It is more commonly seen in mothers, courtesy their children, and commonly seen in criminals who are involved in sexual abuse crimes. Indirect injury occurs accidentally when the hand hits the tooth which causes erosion of the superficial skin or it can be caused during a blow with knuckles on the mouth.
Clinical presentation:
The complaints can range from mild to severe ones. The common site of affection is the upper extremity. It can be a superficial scratch or severe systemic affection can occur. In mild cases, a simple scratch or abrasion can be seen which affects the superficial layer. In severe bites, crushing and tearing of the skin is seen. Tear of the muscle, tendon, or ligament can also occur. Burning pain along with bleeding occurs at the site of affection. Temporary loss of sensation is seen at the affected area. Swelling and discoloration is seen. The area of bite is warm to touch. These injuries, however, are more prone to serious infections which can spread to the deeper structures. Bite by an infected person can transmit infections like HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus.
Investigations:
Diagnosis is done on the basis of the symptoms narrated by the patient and the physical examination carried out by the doctor. The detailed history taken from the patient will help the doctor to evaluate the cause. Routine blood tests and other investigations can be recommended by the consultant. Culture examination if signs and symptoms of infections are present.
Treatment:
Usually the complaints are mild and hence do not require any medical attention. Treatment consists of washing the affected area with water and soap. Soothing ointment and local anesthetics can be applied. Ice pack application can help to reduce the swelling and burning. Pain relieving medications and antibiotic medications are advised. Prophylactic antibiotics are given to reduce the infection. In severe cases like infection to the deeper structures, appropriate conservative and surgical care is needed.
Other modes of Treatment:
Certain other modes of treatment can also be helpful in coping up with the symptoms. Taking into consideration the symptoms in a holistic way, homoeopathy can offer a good aid for the relief of the symptoms. The Ayurvedic system of medicine which uses herbs and synthetic derivates can also be beneficial in combating the complaints.
