Causes and risk factors
Retinoblastoma is caused due to genetic mutation, abnormal or overgrowth of the cells in the retina [retinoblasts] form a tumour. The exact cause of genetic mutation is not known, but it is believed to be inherited form the parents. It can spread to other parts of body including brain and spinal cord, called as metastasis.
Clinical presentation
White appearance of the pupil when you shine light in the eye [white pupilary reflex] is the earliest sign to diagnose the condition. Patient presents with eyes that appear to be looking in different directions [squint], redness of the sclera [white part of the eye], eye swelling, and vision problems.
Investigation
Medical history by the patient and Clinical examination by the ophthalmologist helps in diagnosis. Routine ophthalmic examination is done. Further investigations include imaging studies such as Ultrasound of the eye balls, CT scan which will determine the spread of cancer, MRI scan. An oncologist opinion is recommended for further treatment.
Treatment
Treatment for retinoblastoma depends upon factors like whether one or both eyes are affected, extent of spread, and overall health status of the child. Treatment for retinoblastoma include Chemotherapy which uses drugs to kill cancer cells, shrink tumour so that other treatment can be used to kill remaining cancer cells, Radiation therapy, Laser therapy, Cryotherapy[ tumour cells are frozen and destroyed], Thermotherapy where extreme heat is used through lasers to destroy cancer cells. Surgery involves Enucleation where entire eye is removed to prevent spread of cancer.
