Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of cancer is not known, but various risk factors or predisposing factors have been put forth. Genetic predisposition is one of the major causes. Hereditary plays a major role. People with weak immune system are more prone for cancer. Tobacco addiction and cigarette smoking is one of major contributing factors for tongue cancer. Alcohol consumption in excess also increases the chances of developing cancer of any form. Studies have revealed that human papilloma virus (HPV) infection can also lead to tongue cancer.
Clinical presentation:
Appearance of ulceration or red and white patch on tongue persisting for prolong period or appearing frequently is the warning sign needing medical attention. The ulcers are painful and cause difficulty in swallowing. Thickening of tongue can be seen or a mass growing can be felt on the tongue. Unexplained bleeding from tongue and pain in ear can be complained by the patient. Change in voice or hoarseness of voice along with difficulty in chewing are the other symptoms seen. Body ache, fatigue, tenderness all over the body along with weight loss are the other associated symptoms. The cancerous cells can cause metastasis in various other organs of the body leading to variety of symptoms.
Investigations:
Diagnosis is done on the basis of symptoms narrated by the patient and the examination carried out by the doctor. Certain investigations like routine blood test; Blood markers for cancer are advised. On detection of any abnormalities of the tongue, biopsy is recommended. A complete scan (PET scan) of the body along with other routine investigations can also be done for metastasis.
Treatment:
Depending upon the extend and stages of cancer the treatment is planned. Various surgical approaches can be adopted. In cases of tumor, the tumor is excised, in some cases a part of the jawbone is also removed. If the surgical repair hampers the personal appearance and normal functioning of the mouth, oral reconstruction is done. Radiation therapy is used. Targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapic agents are administered.
Recent update:
A rare type of cancer of tongue –spindle cell carcinoma of the tongue was diagnosed in a 65years old male by the doctors at the Government Medical College at Latur in India.
