Causes and risk factors
The bacteria most commonly cause actinomycosis is Actinomyces israelii. Infection occurs when there is a break in the skin or mucous membrane where the bacteria are commonly present. The bacteria penetrate deeper inside the body causing an infection. The bacteria also requires other bacteria to cause an infection. Inhalation of contaminated droplets from air also can cause the disease. The three common sites where the infection can occur are decayed teeth, lungs, and intestine. Factors which increases the risk of developing actinomycosis are oral abscess, dental procedure, trauma to jaw, weak immunity, chronic conditions like diabetes or malnutrition, and use of intrauterine device.
Clinical presentation
The symptoms depend upon the part affected. Common symptoms of actinomycosis are abscess in mouth, lungs, gastrointestinal tract depending upon the region of body affected. Abscess grows slowly and invades surrounding bone and muscle leading to formation of sinus. Drainage of pus occurs from the sinus cavity. The draining pus resembles sulphur granules. The affected part shows swelling and inflammation. Damaged tissue results in scarring. The types of actinomycosis include – oral cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic. Oral cervicofacial actinomycosis is seen inside jaw, mouth, and neck. The condition occurring in jaw is known as ‘lumpy jaw.’ Abscess formation in lungs or respiratory airways lead to thoracic actinomycosis. Abdominal actinomycosis can occur as a secondary infection or complication of conditions like appendicitis, etc. Pelvic actinomycosis is seen in females, which is transmitted from long-term IUDs into the female genitals.
Investigation
Medical history by the patient and clinical examination by the doctor helps in diagnosis. Routine blood test is done to detect antibodies. Pus culture is done which help in detecting the bacteria.
Treatment
A course of antibiotics help in treating actinomycosis. Surgical treatment involves surgical drainage of pus.
Other Modes of treatment
The other modes of treatment can also be effective in treating actinomycosis. Homoeopathy is a science which deals with individualization and considers a person in a holistic way. This science can be helpful in combating the symptoms. Similarly, the Ayurvedic system of medicine which uses herbal medicines and synthetic derivates, is also found to be effective in treating actinomycosis.
