Causative and risk factors
Atelectasis can result from several underlying pathologies related to the lung tissue. Injury to the chest can result in compression of the lungs. Infections such as pneumonia are a common cause of atelectasis. Inhalation of a foreign body, esp. in children can cause lung collapse. Pulmonary tumors, blood clots or mucus plugs are also known causes. Other causes of atelectasis include pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Scarring of lung tissue caused due to injury, lung disease or surgery can cause atelectasis.
Clinical presentation
Atelectasis can be asymptomatic. When symptoms develop, the common ones include a low grade fever, cough and dyspnea. Haemoptysis may be present. The breathing becomes rapid and shallow. Pain or discomfort may be present in the chest region. Expectoration may be present.
Investigations
Imaging studies such as an X-ray, ultrasound or CT scan of the chest are done. Oxygen saturation in the blood is measured by using a device; known as pulse oximetry. Bronchoscopy can be done if deemed necessary.
Treatment
The management of atelectasis lies in identifying and treating the underlying cause. The goal of treatment is to expand the lungs. Treatment includes the use of medications or surgery. Chest physiotherapy may be advised to improve the lung capacity.
