Causative & risk factors
In persons with GERD, the contents of the stomach regurgitate into the esophagus. In the process of healing itself, the cells of the esophageal lining change to resemble those of the intestinal lining.
However, not all people with Barrett’s esophagus have GERD.
The risk factors for development of Barrett’s esophagus include advancing age, male gender, obesity, smoking and belonging to white race.
Clinical presentation
Barrett’s esophagus causes no symptoms by itself. Symptoms of GERD may be present such as heartburn or difficulty in swallowing food.
People with Barrett’s esophagus have an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer.
Investigations
Endoscopic examination of the esophagus is necessary for diagnosing Barrett’s esophagus. A biopsy can be performed to visualize the tissue changes and rule out malignancy.
Treatment
If the changes in the esophageal cells are not marked, no treatment is necessary. However, marked changes in the esophageal cells can predispose to cancer and must be treated. The treatment options include resection with an endoscope, radiofrequency ablation, argan gas coagulation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy or surgery to remove the damaged portion of the esophagus.
