Causes and risk factors
The exact cause of chilblains is not known. Chilblains are more commonly seen in people who are sensitive to cold. Due to exposure to extreme cold the small arteries and veins in the skin undergo constriction as a result the blood circulation is hampered, the circulation in the upper and lower extremity becomes sluggish. Once the body becomes warm the blood vessels leak blood under the skin leading to chilblains. Certain factor can predispose chilblains. Diabetes mellitus, smoking, anemia, poor nutrition, low body weight and bone marrow diseases can cause chilblains. A pregnant woman is also more prone for development of chilblains on exposure to extreme cold, due to exposure to extreme temperature. Certain other conditions like peripheral vascular diseases, raynauds diseases and lupus also contribute to the causation.
Clinical Presentation:
Chilblains are more commonly seen on the skin of the fingers of lower and upper extremity. The complaints occur a few hours after exposure to cold and they subside 7-14 days of the complaints. The affected area is swollen; it becomes reddish purple in color. Itching occurs. The skin can become dry leading to cracks. In severe cases blister formation is seen. The blisters can break open and lead to development of ulcers. Chilblains can give way to secondary infection.
Investigations
The diagnosis is done on the basis of the symptoms narrated by the patient and physical examination carried out. No investigations are required for chilblains.
Treatment
Usually no medical intervention is needed in case of chilblains. The symptoms subside on its own within a week or two. Corticosteroid creams or lotions are given in order to relief the itching and swelling. In cases of secondary infection antibiotics are advised. Certain measures need to be adopted. One should stay in warm place and wear warm clothes. One can use heaters or keep the work place and home adequately warm. Avoid exposure to cold for long periods. Exercise regularly for active circulation.
Other modes of treatment:
The other modes of treatment can also be effective in treating chilblains. Homoeopathy is a science which deals with individualization and considers a person in a holistic way. This science can be helpful in combating the symptoms. The Ayurvedic system of medicine which uses herbs and synthetic derivates can also be beneficial in combating the complaints.
Recent update:
According to the research by the king’s college London, A cold sensor that triggers the skins vascular response to cold can be useful for treatment of frostbite and hypothermia.
