Causative and risk factors
Irritant contact dermatitis can be caused by physical or chemical irritants such as friction, water, wet nappies, detergents, solvents, acids, alkalis, pesticides etc. This form of dermatitis occurs as a result of prolonged contact with irritant substances.
Allergic contact dermatitis can be caused by any substance that one is allergic to, even though that substance may not cause any effect on other people. Commonly identified agents include nickel, other metals certain medications, fragrances, certain fabrics, nail polish, hair dyes etc.
Clinical presentation
Contact dermatitis only affects the areas of the skin that come in contact with the irritant substance. Hands, face, neck etc. are common locations. Itching is a commonly found symptom. The affected portion of skin becomes red and develops rashes and lesions. The skin becomes cracked and may form blisters. The affected portion becomes painful and swollen. Fissures may develop onto the skin. The patient may experience burning in the affected region.
Investigations
The diagnosis of contact dermatitis is based upon the patient’s history and physical examination. No specific tests are necessary. A skin allergy test may be done to confirm the allergen. Rarely a skin biopsy may be suggested.
Treatment
The primary treatment lies in identifying the cause of contact dermatitis and avoiding contact as far as possible. Emollient creams or steroid creams are prescribed. Some patients may need antibiotics.
