Causes and risk factors:
Exposure to extreme cold (e.g. temperature ≤5°C) which causes inadequate blood supply is the prime cause of frostbite. Exposure to cold wet weather for prolonged time, or wearing wet clothes, or wearing tight clothes and shoes are other causes which can lead to frostbite. Frostbite can also occur due to contact with ice packs, liquid nitrogen, and frozen metals.
Clinical presentations:
Chin, cheeks, nose, fingers and toe are the common site of affections where frostbite can occur. The patient complaints of coldness of the affected part, the becomes bluish red in color, itching and pricking sensation is felt and pain and stiffness of joints. In severe cases the affected skin becomes hard and waxy, destruction of the skin and tissue leading to ulcers can be seen, the nerve and blood supply of that area is affected leading to loss of sensation. Frostbite can lead to formation of gangrene.
Diagnosis and investigations:
The symptoms and history of recent exposure to extreme cold given by the patient and the local examination carried out by the doctor are sufficient to diagnose the case.
Treatment:
Warming up the affected area by rubbing or massage is of prime importance. The room temperature must be kept warmth. Adequate warm or woolen clothes must be worn. Hypothermia should be immediately brought under control to avoid further damages and complications. Pain relieving medications are advised. In severe cases for restoring the blood flow intravenous injections of thrombolytic agents are given. In cases where the tissue is severely damages surgical intervention which consist of removal or amputation of the dead tissues can be done.
