Causative & risk factors
The basic cause of hypothermia is exposure to an excessively cold environment. This can occur as a result of not wearing warm clothes, inadequate heating at home, accidental falling into cold water, excessive air-conditioning etc.
Young children, old people and addicts are at a greater risk of developing hypothermia. Pre-existing medical conditions and use of certain medications can also increase the risk of developing hypothermia.
Clinical presentation
The first symptom of hypothermia is shivering. The patient may be dizzy, confused or incoordinated. He may find it difficult to speak and his breathing and heart rate may become rapid. Nausea or hunger may be present.
Severe hypothermia can cause slurring of speech, drowsiness and even unconsciousness. The pulse may become weak and the breathing may turn slow and shallow.
Investigations
The diagnosis of hypothermia can be made on the basis of analysis of the patient’s surroundings and presenting symptoms. Measuring the body temperature with the help of a thermometer will help to determine the severity of hypothermia.
Treatment
The patient must be adequately clothed and covered with warm blankets. He must be placed in a warm environment. Hot fluids such as milk, tea or soup may be given to the patient.
Patients with severe symptoms or those who become unconscious must be moved to the hospital immediately. Treatment is offered in the form of warm intravenous fluids, peritoneal lavage and oxygen therapy.
