Causative & risk factors
The normal spine has 2 backward and 2 forward curvatures.
Kyphosis occurs as a result of change in the shape of the upper back vertebrae. The cylindrically shaped vertebrae are normally stacked on top of each other. Sometimes the vertebrae of the upper spine lose their cylindrical shape and become wedge shaped from behind. This causes the spine to develop an excessive forward curvature.
Kyphosis most commonly occurs as a result of age-related changes such as osteoporosis and disk degeneration. Malignancy in the spine can cause compression fractures, eventually leading to kyphosis.
Kyphosis can occur in infants as a result of birth defects. Young children can develop kyphosis as a result of certain conditions like Scheuermann’s disease, Prader-Willi disease and Marfan syndrome.
Clinical presentation
Kyphosis is physically visible in the form of an abnormally curved spine. Some patients may develop symptoms such as backache and stiffness. The pain may range from mild to disabling.
Investigations
Kyphosis is usually obvious on a physical exam by the physician. Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT or MRI scans are performed to check the degree of kyphosis and any underlying abnormalities.
Treatment
Pain-relieving medications are prescribed to allay the backache. Calcium and other bone-building supplements are given to patients who have underlying osteoporosis. Physical therapy is recommended to improve the flexibility of the spine.
In severe cases of kyphosis, surgery is performed to fuse the affected spinal vertebrae so that the shape of the spine is corrected.
