Causes and risk factors
Causes of microgyria include genetic mutation or chromosomal disorder, viral infection to the mother during the first trimester of pregnancy, congenital cytomegalovirus infection, reduced blood supply to the fetal brain during development, or carbon monoxide poisoning.
Clinical presentation
It causes various neurological signs and symptoms, cognitive impairment, and developmental disorder depending on the area or part of the cerebrum affected. Patient presents with feeding difficulties. Intellectual disability is seen. There is failure to thrive. There is reduced muscle tone. Patient has developmental delay. Delayed milestones are seen. Unusual facial appearance, small head (microcephaly) is seen. Malformed toes and fingers can be present. There can be dyslexia. Mental retardation can be present. The patient may suffer from seizures.
Investigations
Medical history by the patient and clinical evaluation by the doctor helps in diagnosis. Ultrasound examination is done. CT scan, MRI scan of brain is required.
Treatment
Treatment is supportive and symptomatic. Genetic counseling is required. Treatment may include anti-convulsion medication to control seizure. Shunting in case there is hydrocephalus. Gastrostomy will be considered if there is problem with feeding. Team approach by a pediatrician, neurologist, and physiotherapist is needed.
Complications
Complications such as aspiration and respiratory infections may occur.
When to Contact a Doctor
When abnormal neurological signs and symptoms, developmental defect, or cognitive impairment in a child is seen, there’s need to contact a doctor.
Prevention
Genetic counseling and testing should be recommended to the couple who are trying to conceive and have a risk of the disease which can prevent the occurrence of the disease.
Systems involved
Central nervous system
Organs involved
Brain
