Causes and risk factors
This is an autoimmune condition where the exact cause is not yet known.
Clinical presentation
Patient presents with eye pain. There is blurred vision or total loss of vision in one or both the eyes, colorblindness. Heaviness, tingling, or numbness of the limbs is experienced. Paraparesis [weakness] of one or more limbs is seen. Patient complains of loss of sensation. Bladder and bowel control may be lost. Spasticity and pain in neck and trunk region is felt. In severe cases, confusion and seizures can occur. Retention of urine can occur. Nausea and vomiting can occur. There may be presence of intractable hiccups. Paralysis of one or more limbs is observed.
Investigations
Medical history by the patient and clinical examination by the neurologist helps in this diagnosis. MRI of the brain and spinal cord is required. Blood test is done for detection of antibodies NMO-IgG. CSF examination is done.
Treatment
No specific treatment is available for patients of neuromyelitis optica. Currently, there is no cure for this disease. Treatment is aimed at giving symptomatic relief and preventing relapses. Injectable steroids are given. Plasma exchange [PLEX] is helpful.
Complications
Complications such as disabilities like blindness, paralysis, etc., may occur.
When to Contact a Doctor
One must consult a doctor if patient experiences symptoms such as loss of vision, tingling, numbness in extremities, etc.
Facts and figures
The risk of recurrence of disease symptoms is more than 90%.
Systems involved
CNS
Organs involved
Eyes, brain, nerves, extremities, GIT, bowel, bladder.
