Causes and risk factors
Parainfluenza is caused by infection with human parainfluenza virus – HPIV: – HPIV 1 -Commonest cause of croup in children. HPIV 2 – Less common cause of croup in children. HPIV 3 – Usually causes bronchiolitis or pneumonia. HPIV 4 – No specific characteristics. The spread of this infection occurs through contact with contaminated surfaces. Droplet infection through respiratory secretions can also cause the disease.
Clinical presentation
The symptoms will differ slightly depending upon the type of virus. The common symptoms of parainfluenza include –loss of appetite, fatigue, body ache, and headache. There is blockage of nose, cough, and coryza. Patient complains of sore throat, epiglottitis, difficulty in swallowing [dysphagia]. Pain in the chest can be present. Difficulty breathing is experienced. Wheezing can be present. Fever with chills is accompanied at most of the times. Skin rash may appear in some cases. Associated complaints may be vomiting and diarrhea.
Investigations
Medical history by the patient and clinical examination by the doctor helps in diagnosis. Blood test to detect antigens of the virus is done. Blood tests like CBC, ESR is done. Examination of swabs of nasal or throat secretion is required. X-ray or CT scan of the chest is recommended.
Treatment
No treatment is required for most patients unless the symptoms are severe. Symptomatic treatment involves analgesics, anti pyretics, saline nasal drops for nasal blockage, etc. Antiviral drugs are required occasionally. Antiemetic and antidiarrheal medications are given if necessary. Complete bed rest is advised for a week. Isolation of patient is required in some cases. Administration of plenty of fluids either by oral or intravenous route is necessary which will also help in managing the condition.
Other Modes of treatment
The other modes of treatment can also be effective in treating parainfluenza. Homoeopathy is a science which deals with individualization and considers a person in a holistic way. This science can be helpful in combating the symptoms. Similarly, the Ayurvedic system of medicine which uses herbal medicines and synthetic derivates are also found to be effective in treating parainfluenza.
Complications
Complications such as secondary bacterial infections, airway obstruction, pneumonia, sinusitis, bronchitis, and ear infections may occur.
When to Contact a Doctor
One must consult a doctor if the patient is a child and develops symptoms such as cough, blocked nose, difficulty in breathing.
Prevention
Maintaining good hygiene practices such as frequent washing of hands, avoiding close contact with sick persons can prevent the disease. Eating healthy, well-cooked food, maintaining adequate immunity with good diet prevents the disease.
Systems involved
Respiratory system, GIT
Organs involved
Lungs, throat, stomach, intestine
