Causative & risk factors
Almost all cases of pelvic inflammatory disease are caused as a result of untreated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially gonorrhea and chlamydia. However other bacterial infections can also cause PID. PID can also result from abortions, childbirth or pelvic procedures.
Clinical presentation
Women with pelvic inflammatory disease usually develop a yellowish or greenish vaginal discharge (sometimes foul smelling) due to the underlying infection. She may experience pain or tenderness in her lower abdomen. Symptoms usually worsen around the menstrual period. Severe PID can produce high fever, sometimes with chills. Urination as well as coition may become painful. Nausea or vomiting may be present.
Investigations
Once a detailed medical and sexual history is taken, the doctor will carry out a pelvic examination. The vaginal discharge will be analyzed and cultured. Blood tests will be carried out. Ultrasonography of the abdomen and pelvis is performed. Biopsy of the endometrial tissue is carried out if necessary. Laparoscopy is carried out when the diagnosis is doubtful or as part of the treatment plan.
Treatment
Antibiotics form the mainstay of treatment; they can be given orally or intravenously. Surgical intervention may be necessary in some cases, especially when a pelvic abscess is present.
Recent updates
Research has revealed that women who take oral contraceptive pills for atleast 1 year have a 50% less risk of developing pelvic inflammatory disease.
