Causative and risk factors
The exact cause of vasculitis is not fully understood. In most cases, there is a genetic or autoimmune basis.
Vasculitis can be triggered by other diseases such as infections, exposure to certain chemicals, certain forms of medications, certain cancers and rheumatic diseases.
Clinical presentation
The common forms of vasculitis are Wegener’s granulomatosis, polyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki disease, Behçet’s disease, Takayasu’s arteritis, cryoglobulinemia and giant cell arteritis.
The symptoms depend upon which blood vessels are involved and the severity of vasculitis. The common symptoms include fever, loss of weight, skin rashes, weakness and muscle and joint pains.
Investigations
After a thorough history taking and physical examination, certain basic tests such as complete blood count, urine examination and ESR are advised. Blood tests are performed to detect antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and C reactive protein. Imaging scans such as X-rays, USG, CT scan, MRI scans etc. of the affected part are carried out.
Angiogram of blood vessels (X-rays are taken after injecting a dye) may be done. Biopsy of the blood vessel is sometimes necessary.
Treatment
Treatment will vary depending upon the site and severity of vasculitis. Medications are given to reduce inflammation and to suppress the immune system. Chemotherapy drugs may be used.
